Saudi newspapers Al Riyahd and Alwatan Dissertation

Saudi newspapers Al Riyahd and Alwatan - Dissertation Example Decisive Storm, in the name of defending civilization, legitimacy, and humanity. Communication theorists have taken great interests in studying further the concept of framing theory in mass media. This is particularly because there is quite confused as to how this theory can be characterized in the theoretical and empirical perspective. In the earlier studies as that of Iyenger & Kinder (1987) and finally in McCombs, Shaw, and Weaver (1997), framing theory did not have much distinction between the concepts of agenda-setting theory. Agenda-setting theory is a communication concept, â€Å"which focuses directly on how media coverage leads to changes in the importance of different considerations†. Scheufele (1999) and another study DeVreese (2005), however, agrees that the framing concept has inconsistency in its application, especially in identifying the frames projected in the media. In a more developed study of Scheufele along with his colleague Tewksbury, the authors furthere d the distinction between Framing, Agenda Setting, and Priming based on how the progress of studying mass media effects. A most recent review from Borah (2011) expresses the even more pressing issues in the conceptual debates of framing theory. Amidst the vagueness of the concept of framing theory, this research considers how this theory can still explain the context of the effects of news on the audience. The framing theory encompasses the origin, evolution, presentation, and effects of frames (Tewksbury & Scheufele, 2009).

Prisoner Rehabilitation Essay Example for Free

Prisoner Rehabilitation Essay The rising inmate population and overcrowding in prisons is a problem. A lot of this problem comes from repeat offenders who have had a lack of prison rehabilitation. People have two different views about the prison system. The first is that prisons are jails and that everyone in the jails should suffer for their crimes. They feel since they are criminals and do not abide by the rules of society they should not be able to become part of a society. Others view prisons as correctional facilities where prisoners can accept their mistakes and be rehabilitated, eventually being assimilated. I feel that that jails are from criminals such as rapists, murders and other criminals that clearly will never be able to accept the rules society and show no hope of being rehabilitated. On the other hand I feel that some criminals see the light of there mistakes while in prison and want to move on and hopefully never return to prison. But prisoners loathing for prison alone cannot guarantee prisoners to not end up in the same position once free. Prisoners need to be cured in more ways than fearing punishment. I feel these prisoners need to be rehabilitated to the point that at the end of there sentence they realize that committing crimes is only a way out and feel they will not fall back into a life of crime and be ready to enter society as a free man with some aspirations of a law abiding life. But usually this never happens because of the way prison rehabilitation is. Prison Rehabilitation is mostly the experience of prison itself where you go in to a place that makes you live around criminals and never get out of the criminal mind state and never can grow to realize your mistakes and move on in your life. Towards the end of your sentence there is usally no help to integrate back into society at all, which is the most critical time for help. It seems to me that during the last years of a prisoner who has a good prison records sentence they should be eligible to enroll in correctional prisons that werent required to be paroled but provided a alternative to jail and provided you with not only more freedoms than jail but an opportunity to make it a smaller step into the real world than coming right from jail. This correctional facility soul purpose would be to rehabilitate while still providing similar jail atmosphere. It would be mandatory to take high school or college classes or be trained in certain vocational areas where your grades would determine eligibility. Along with these classes there would be a series of other classes that would integrate you back with society. This would be totally up to the prisoner to maintain and get the most out of this because that is what you have to do to succeed and be rehabilitated.

Introduction to Immunoglobulins: Structure and Research

Introduction to Immunoglobulins: Structure and Research Basharat ali OVERVIEW OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS INTRODUCTION The immunoglobulins or antibodies are a group of proteins present in the serum and tissue fluids of all mammals. Antibodies are produced by cells (B type) on interaction of membrane antibody with antigens. Secreted antibodies moves in the blood; and serve as the effectors of humoral immunity by neutralizing antigens. They therefore also constitute an element of the adaptive immune system. Secreted antibodies circulate in the blood stream where they acts as the effectors of humoral immune response by searching and neutralizing or eliminating antigens. The immunoglobulins are present in highest concentration and most easily obtained in large quantities from blood serum. The antibodies produced are specific to each of the epitope. BASIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN STRUCTURE PROCEDURES OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN MEASUREMENT: The development of Molecular Biology and production of mono-clonal antibodies have allowed us tohave diagnostic tools with a great sensitivity and specificity. They are known as KITS, which are both easy and simple to use and read. The techniques developed in recent years are: Among the above methods available now, we can point out,those that have more possibilities of performing serologic studies on a large scale level, and without the need of highly technical resources. The popular methods used are: ELISA IMMUNOELECTROTRANSFERENCE OR WESTERN BLOT INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCEOR IMMUNOPEROXIDASE SERONEUTRALIZATION ELISA: Few types of ELISA are used for the detection of ANTIGENS and ANTIBODIES. So far the following types of ELISA are used for the detection of specific antibodies: INDIRECT ELISA. COMPETITIVE ELISA. INDIRECT ELISA It is the common method used for antibody detection.It involve thecoating of the ELISA plate with the antigen against the specific Ig’s that may be present in the serum. The antigens can be from viral or bacterial product, and or even whole virus molecules. It is more common to use only those proteins with immunological interest, instead of using all the antigenic mixture.Thenext steps will include the addition of serum, incubation and washing;addition of the conjugate, incubation and washing and at last, the addition of the substrate, stopping the reaction and reading the results. COMPETITIVE ELISA This technique is also very common for the detection of specific antibodies. We have an I.G (monoclonal of polyclonal) of a known antigen. This antigen has previously been bound to the plate.It is known as competitive ELISA because the serum is incubated with the antigen previous to its incubation with the antiserum bound to the plate. Therefore, both compete for the antigen. IMMUNOELECTROTRANSFERENCE / WESTERN BLOT Immunoelectrotransference, Immunoblotting or western blotis an immune-enzymatic technique used for the detectionof specific antibodies.This method is recommended whenever it is necessary tostudy a large number of sera which have not given proper results using other techniques. Fig. Required objects to perform Immunoelectrotransference Technique:antigen-nitrocellulose sheets, PBS tampon, +ve / -ve control sera, conjugate, substrate solution and plastic plate. In order to obtain the antigen-nitrocellulosesheets, proteins are first separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Later, these proteins are electrically transferred from the gel to the nitrocellulose sheets. These sheets are then cut and will act as the antigen substrate. Each one of these pieces are then incubated with the test sera and washed. Then, a labelled anti-immunoglobulin (IgG or IgM) is added. If there is any antibody bound to the antigenic protein, they will be revealed by the addition of the conjugate.One or more specific precipitation lines will be observed depending on the existence of specific Ig’s against one or more proteins. It is a very sensitive and easy technique to perform and to understand. No special equipment is needed. This technique is especially for the study of small numbers of sera.As it does not require special tools, it is possible to perform it in laboratories with little equipment. Fig. The last step of the method. We can observe thedifferent lines where testand control serum have reacted. INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCEOR IMMUNOPEROXIDASE Indirect immunofluorescence or immune-peroxidase are techniques that use the specifity of histology and the sensitivity of the immunological methods. These techniques usually involve the use of cell cultures infected with the virus or bacteria from which we need to know whether or not the unknown sera have antibodies. In the case of Ig’s being present in the unknown sera, after an incubation period, those antibodies will bind to the infected cells. This reaction can be observed with a fluorescence or ordinary microscope after the addition of an anti-immunoglobulin labelled with peroxidase respectively. Fig. Indirect immunofluorescence technique. Mammalian cells infected by the swine fever virus. Antibodies bound to the infected cells can be seen, the areas of the cell with higher viral replication have more bound Ig’s and therefore, a higher light intensity. SERONEUTRALIZATION This method is known asthereference method for every serological study. The use of this technique has made it possible to measure the capability of Ig’s present in the test sera of neutralizing the biological activity of an antigen. Inseroneutralization, we go a step further, and the potential of the serum of neutralizing the biological activity of an antigen can also be known.These tests are very common in labs when theassessment of the capability of a serum against microbial toxins, or viruses is needed. They are however, highly specific and sensitive and are considered as reference methods for every serological evaluation. In the case of viruses, we can determine the capability of a given serumfor neutralizing the virus infectivity on a susceptible cell line.A viral solution, of a uniform concentration and which has previously been in contact with different dilutions of the test serum, is added to the cell culture. The observation of the cells at different times allows one to see if these cells are being infected or not by the virus, using either conjugated dyes or looking for the cytopatic effect. We can measure, in this way, the serumcapability for neutralizing the virus. Fig. Infected cell layer. Laboratory techniques for monoclonal immunoglobulin measurement Following arelaboratory methods used to identify and quantify monoclonal immunoglobulins. SERUM PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS The serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) method determines specific proteinsin the blood to help identify some diseases. Serum protein electrophoresis uses an electrical field to separate the proteins in the blood seruminto groups of similar size, shape, and charge. Blood serum contains two major protein groups: albumin and globulin. Both carry substances through the bloodstream. Using protein electrophoresis, these two groups can be separated into five smaller groups: Albumin. Alpha-1 globulin. Alpha-2 globulin. Beta globulin. Gamma globulin. Each of these five protein groups moves at a different rate in an electrical field and together form a specific pattern. This pattern helps in identifying diseases. Fig.Schematic of serum protein electrophoresis.The position of polyclonal Ig’s in normal serum and the anode (+) and cathode (-) are indicated. CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS This method is an alternative way to agarose gel electrophoresis for the measurement of serum proteins. Protein separation is performed in a liquid buffer system. The separated proteins pass an U.V detector that measures absorbance at 200 to 215 nm to determine the protein concentration. Fig. CZE.(A)Normal serum.(B)Monoclonal protein peak in ÃŽ ³-region, indicated by a small arrow on right. IMMUNOFIXATION ELECTROPHORESIS For this method, a patient’s serum is applied to several wells of an agarose gel, and after electrophoresis, specific antisera are overlaid on individual lanes of the gel. These antisera are typically against IgG, IgA, IgM, and ÃŽ », although other specificities may be useful for identifying unusual bands. A lane fixed with acid is also included for comparison. Following removal of the antisera, gels are washed and stained with Brilliant Blue or Amido Black. Although IFE is non-quantitative, it is regarded as the â€Å"gold standard† method to confirm the presence of a monoclonal protein and to distinguish its heavy and light chain type. Fig. Serum immunofixation electrophoresis. (A)Normal serum.(B)Monoclonal IgGÃŽ » intact immunoglobulin.(C, D)Monoclonal IgDÃŽ » intact immunoglobulin with ÃŽ » FLCs. FÃŽ »: anti-free ÃŽ » antisera. IMMUNOSUBTRACTION: Immunosubtraction can be used in place of IFE for typing the majority of monoclonal bands, but it is less sensitive. In this technique, Ig’s against IgG, IgA, IgM, are incubated with serum aliquots, then CZE is performed to determine which reagent remove an electrophoretic abnormality. Fig. IgGÃŽ º immunosubtraction example.The monoclonal protein peak is removed with addition of anti-IgG and -ÃŽ º antibodies. URINE CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS The measuring of urine proteins by CZE is more challenging than serum analysis because urine have electrolytes, organic acids and other metabolites that can interfere with the test. To prevent this, urine samples need to be pre-treated by filtration, or dialysisand for this reason, the routine use of urine CZE is limited. Reason for Immunoglobulin Measurement Measurement of Ig’s is performed for two reasons: Detection of immunodeficiency Determination of the nature of a paraprotein in monoclonal gammopathies History of Procedures ELISA: Before 1970s, a radioimmunoassay using radioactively-labeled antigens or antibodies was the only test available. In a radioimmunoassay, the radioactivity provides the reporter signal indicating if a specific antigen or antibody is present in the sample. WESTERN BLOT Western blotting evolved from Southern blotting (Ref 1), invented byEdwin Southernat University of Edinburgh in 1975. BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION: Two scientists, Herbert Edward Durham (-1945) andMax von Gruber(1853–1927), discovered specific agglutination in 1896. RIA: In 1950s, the radio-immunoassay (RIA) was developed by Rosalyn Yalow and Solomon Berson.  This group was later awarded the Nobel Prize in 1977 for developing an RIA to detect and measure blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. REFERENCES: http://autoimmunityblog.com/2011/09/28/orgentec-autoimmune-diagnostics-history-of-indirect-immunofluorescence-technology-ift/ http://www.sanidadanimal.info/cursos/inmun/quinto1.htm#ELISA https://ahdc.vet.cornell.edu/sects/clinpath/test/immun/igs.cfm http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Instrumental_Analysis/Capillary_Electrophoresis http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Fluorescent+Antibody+Technique

The College Life :: essays research papers

The College Life Schedules are a difficult thing to balance. A person must find the time to complete a number of tasks in a day. A normal adult may have time to get everything done and still have time to spare. The normal college student on the other hand is constantly on the go. College students have busy schedules that include working, studying, and socializing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most college students work. How else are they going to have the money for all those late night pizza deliveries? Part time employees usually eat on the road on the way from school to work. They work about 5 or 6 hours a day and then head home tired and ready for bed. Maybe not every night but usually there is some kind of paper to be written or chapter to be read. Full time college students that are also full-time workers have to plan everything out in order to make the time to get everything done. One of the things most college students don’t make time for is housework. They often wait until everything is dirty to start the laundry. Dishes are another thing that tend to pile up. Breakfast, lunch, and dinner plates and glasses add up after a week.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  College students must find time in their busy schedules to study. In order to keep up they must do daily assignments. Reading every night helps to prepare for the exams. Taking notes in class and out of class are also necessary. Students also have exams at the end of the semester that require hours of studying. Waiting until the last minute and then cramming it all in is often a final resort. Many students who have kept up just go over and recall the information. All students must find time to study in order to pass.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To escape from studying and working college students are known for socializing. They may help out in service clubs. Visiting a nursing home can be relaxing and comforting for both people.

Gran Torino Transcultural Analysis Essay

Gran Torino starring Clint Eastwood was about a man’s struggle in adapting to the changes in his environment when confronted by unfamiliar exposure to cultural differences. The film was chosen because it told a story about one’s struggle with traditional practice, cultural diversity, gender roles, and the acceptance of others. In terms of culture, there was an abundance of traditional practices related to the Hmong community. The screenplay was written by Nick Schenk and the movie was filmed in July 2008 (Longwell, T). Gran Torino was directed and produced by Clint Eastwood, who also played the role of the main character known as Walt Kowalski. Walt was an American man and a Korean War veteran who resided in a neighborhood that became inhabited by Hmong families (Gran Torino, 2008). The relationship that Walt had with his own family was disconnected and distant because his sons embraced the modern way of living but Walt was more traditional. Walt was portrayed as a grum py old man who did not like to socialize with others. All of that changed when Walt became associated with the Hmong children next door, Thao and Sue. Walt saved Thao from being taken by the Hmong gang members and was viewed as a hero by the Hmong families despite the fact that Walt was just trying to keep other people off his lawn. Upon an unexpected invitation by Sue, Walt’s world became intertwined with the Hmong community as he was introduced to various traditional Hmong customs and foods. After a series of events, the Hmong gang returned and injured Thao’s family which prompted Walt to seek redemption from his war past by sacrificing himself for the safety of Thao and Sue. The film portrayed culture clashes between an American and Hmong families while focusing on the struggles that Hmong immigrants endure to survive within their community. The Hmong population was great in Minneapolis, Minnesota and it was the original setting of Gran Torino and also the home town of screenplay writer Nick Schenk (Longwell). Schenk had never written any other featured films prior to Gran Torino and it was his first recognized piece. In the early 90s, Schenk worked at a factory where many of his co-workers were Hmong and he gained some knowledge about the history of Hmong people (Longwell). The Hmong sided with the U.S during the Vietnam War but ended up in refugee camps due to communist takeover after the U.S. troops left, which resulted in the Hmong fleeing to the U.S. to escape from the communist forces (Gran  Torino, 2008). Schenk began to incorporate Hmong families into the story with a Korean War veteran to emphasize a clash of cultures. The intended purpose of this film was to express the cultural barriers in the language, customs, and gender roles between Hmong people and Americans. The writers and directors did a great job on portraying masculinity as the perceived dominant role between the characters. In Gran Torino, Walt criticized Thao for doing things that men are not supposed to do such as gardening. Thao does a good job in representing role reversal because he was proud to do women chores like washing the dishes and gardening. Walt tried his best to look after Thao and made Thao masculine by teaching him how to talk to other â€Å"real† men. Walt believed that real American men are supposed to be strong, fight for themselves, pay taxes, and work hard at a hands-on laboring job. Walt eventually helped Thao become a man by getting him a â€Å"real† job, tools for construction work, and social skills to interact with other men. This film was derived from Schenk’s prior experience as a factory worker with other Hmong people and this writer did not create any other significant work subsequent to the production of Gran Torino. The plot of t he movie was to show how two different types of culture collide and interact. In addition, there was also indication that masculinity in males was important as shown by the main character, Walt. The sub-plot was to show the viewers that men are not supposed to be barbaric but to become a sophisticated people with class and follow society’s rule. The main characters were Walt Kowalski, Spider, Thao, and Thao’s older sister, Sue. Walt played the dominating male that represented how a real man should be. Spider, Thao and Sue’s cousin, represented an antagonist barbaric villain that supposed to be a gangster whom terrorized Walt’s neighborhood. Thao played an innocent feminine teenage role that Walt believed was not masculine, but has class and self-respect. Sue played the smart, sophisticated, typical school Asian girl who ended up getting injured by her cousin, Spider, and his gang. It was through the interaction with Sue and Walt that the viewers were able to experience Hmong history and cultural customs. In one of the scenes during a car ride home, Sue explained to Walt the origin of Hmong people and she also invited him to her house for meal where Walt thoroughly enjoyed the foods of Hmong culture. Walt and Spider treated Thao like a child because they both wanted to teach Thao how to become a man. Spid er taught Thao that  he needed to become a barbaric person to become a â€Å"real† man, while Walt taught Thao that hard work and following society norms was what a â€Å"real† man should do. Sue was the only main female character that was able to change Walt’s mind about Hmong people. Because of Sue’s persistence, Walt decided to help her and her family from Spider and his gang. Walt became the protagonist at the end of the movie by risking his own life to bring down Spider and his gang and restoring peace to the community. My opinion about the film was that the director did a good job on portraying masculinity and how a real man should act and treat a woman. There were a lot of racism coming out of Walt’s mouth about Asians, but in the end, I believed he had a change of heart about his Hmong neighbors. I believe he came to realizations that not all Asians are the same as he remembered during his Korean War days. The way Walt finally gave a confession to the priest and how he died for his neighbor was really unexpected. The acting of Walt’s character by Clint Eastwood was really good as well. Walt’s character caught my attention and made me want to know more about his previous life, especially when he talked about how he was in the Kore an War. The cinematography could have been better and at times, it felt like I was watching a biography rather than a movie. One of the flaws was that Walt did not get in a fight for his rude behavior towards everyone that he encountered. Another flaw was that he sacrificed his life for a neighbor when he knew that he could have called the cops on Spider and his crew for possession of a fire arm and shooting his neighbor’s house, rather than choosing death at the end. Also, I believed the movie could have been better if they left out his illness from the doctor’s visit. If they had left that out and continued with the suicidal death in the end rather than risking Walt’s life because of a terminal illness, Walt’s character would have been more heroic. On the contrary, a strength of the movie was when Sue corrected Walt about the pronunciation of her race while giving him a history of where Hmong people came from and why they immigrated to America. The ultimate strength was when Walt died for his neighbor by going to Spider’s apartment complex with witnesses around to see h im get murdered. Throughout the movie, the film showed the audience that Walt always carried a gun to scare off his foes, but at the end, he realized that he did not need a weapon to bring down Spider and his gang. One of the things that I learned from the film was that nurses should not be too quick to judge someone based on appearance, like how Walt called all the Asians â€Å"gooks† without knowing their nationality. In one of the scenes in the movie, Walt was in the waiting room at the hospital for a check-up and a nurse mispronounced his name. The nurse called him â€Å"Koski† while his name was â€Å"Kowalski.† Walt gave her a disgusting look and the nurse did not apologize or asked if she was mispronouncing his name or not. As a future nurse, I want to maintain a professional role and acknowledge patients by their correct name. Correctly pronouncing a patient’s name also eliminates human error and also prevents doctors from diagnosing the wrong person. In conclusion, I would recommend this movie to people who are uneducated about Asian culture. There were a lot of racist terms that Walt used in the movie about Asians and the stereotypes of Asians eating dogs which are not true. I would rate the movie a 4 out of 5 stars because the movie was rich in cultural content and character development. The film is appropriate for audiences ages 13 and up and mainly geared toward mal es. There were a lot of violent content and gang related terms involved. As a result of watching this movie, I learned that one can change if surrounded by the right people under inevitable circumstances such as Walt’s culture clash with his Hmong neighbors. In addition, helping one another was the most rewarding take home message of Gran Torino. Whether I am helping a patient or just lending a helping hand to my next door neighbor, I will remember to be kind as to prevent one another from going down the wrong paths. References Eastwood, C. (Producer & Director). (2008). Gran torino [Motion Picture]. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Longwell, T. (2008). Eastwood recognizes Hmong immigrants with new film. Reuters. Retrieved May 27, 2014, from http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/12/09/us-gran-idUSTRE4B81ZC20081209

Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior

In the article, â€Å"Why Chinese mothers are Superior, Chua describes her efforts to give her children what she describes as a traditional, strict â€Å"Chinese† upbringing. ] This piece was controversial. Many readers missed the supposed irony and self-deprecating humor in the title and the piece itself and instead believed that Chua was advocating the â€Å"superiority† of a particular, very strict, ethnically defined approach to parenting. In fact Chua has stated that the book was not a â€Å"how-to† manual but a self-mocking memoir. In any case, Chua defines â€Å"Chinese mother† loosely to include parents of other ethnicities who practice traditional, strict child-rearing, while also acknowledging that â€Å"Western parents come in all varieties,† and not all ethnically Chinese parents practice strict child-rearing. Chua also reported that in one study of 48 Chinese immigrant mothers, the vast majority ‘said that they believe their children can be â€Å"the best† students, that â€Å"academic achievement reflects successful parenting,† and that if children did not excel at school then there was â€Å"a problem† and parents â€Å"were not doing their job. ‘ Chua contrasts them with the view she labels â€Å"Western† – that a child’s self-esteem is paramount Amy makes it clear that the Asian kids are not born smart (For the most part, at least) It is hard work and training from the parents that shapes the children into these wonder kids. To prov e her point she lists up a number of things that her daughter were never allowed to do, such as: * Have a play date * Watch television or play computer games * Attend a school play. And so on.. Prohibitions that seems totally unreasonable for us â€Å"westerns†, as she loosely has named us. Throughout the text she covers several perspectives on parenting, which of a few I surprisingly agree on. Most of her viewpoints I deeply disagree with though and is far from my idea about proper parenting. Each time she lists up one of her perspectives, she compares the Chinese perspective with the Western perspective. She does this in a very subjective manner I think. She is very clever rhetorically. At some parts of the text, I actually caught my self being very close to getting dragged towards her side. I found it quite amusing to feel the power of pathos, but at the same time a bit daunting. According to Amy, the main difference between Chinese parents and Western parents is the way they see their children. Western parents believe that respecting their children’s choices, their individuality and always encouraging them to pursue their true passions is the way. In contrast, Chinese parents believe that preparing their children for the future, and.. Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior Children all over the world are raised in hundreds of different ways. Some parents strive to get a successful child, some are more casual, and some parents even relive their youth through their kids. China is on the running course with the rest of the world, and when it comes to creating masterminds, China is way ahead of everyone else. Should we follow, or should we simply go on the way we always have? In the article â€Å"Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior† by Amy Chua, we’re informed about the differences between the western way of raising children and the Chinese way.She is a Chinese mother herself, and from her perspective she explains how she has raised her children by excluding them from every social activity, both within school, but also during their extracurricular.Her opinions are pretty clear, and she doesn’t hesitate to express how much she thinks her way of raising children is better than the western way. She explains that not all Chinese mothers are l ike her â€Å"Conversely, I know some mothers of Chinese heritage, almost always born in the West, who are not Chinese mothers, by choice or otherwise†1.Throughout the article, she states that the western way of raising children is not as good as the Chinese, and even though some western parents think they’re strict towards their children, it’s nothing compared to the Chinese idea of strict â€Å"†¦even when Western parents think they’re being strict, they usually don’t come close to being Chinese mothers. (†¦ ) my Western friends who consider themselves strict make their children practice their instruments for 30 minutes every day. An hour at most.For a Chinese mother, the first hour is the easy part. It’s hours two and three that though†2. This proves that she truly thinks that she, and the rest of the hardworking Chinese mothers, are superior. Throughout the article, she also resorts to studies, that have examined the opi nions of 50 western women and 48 immigrated Chinese women, all mothers. â€Å"Almost 70% of the Western mothers said either that â€Å"stressing academic success is not good for children† or that â€Å"parents need to foster the idea, that learning is fun†Ã¢â‚¬ 3.The opinion of the Chinese mothers was a whole different story, though â€Å"By contrast, roughly 0% of the Chinese mothers felt the same way†4. Dragging these studies into her article doesn’t only make her reliable, she also argues very well for her case. The fact that she is a professor at Yale Law School also backs up her reliance. Being a professor for future lawyers usually requires being good at arguing, which she certainly is.In her article, she has included stories and experiences from her own life, in which she was also raised the Chinese way: Play to be the best, or don’t play at all. The first experience she explains is how her father used to call her names when she was disres pectful towards her mother â€Å"†¦ when I was extremely disrespectful to my mother, my father angrily called me â€Å"garbage†Ã¢â‚¬ 5, but she also states that she was never negatively affected by his name-calling â€Å"I felt terrible and deeply ashamed of what I had done.But it didn’t damage my self-esteem or anything like that†6. Throughout the article, she uses humor even though she seems to be a strict lady, that doesn’t waste time messing around â€Å"One guest named Marcy got so upset she broke down in tears and had to leave early. My friend Susan, the host, tried to rehabilitate me with the remaining guests†7. This shows that she does, even though it might be a bit hard to detect, have a sense of humor. She is pretty subjective in this article, since she assumes that every Chinese child is an A-class student.This is, though a bit of a paradox, since she in the start of the article wrote that not all Chinese mothers are the same â₠¬Å"If a Chinese child gets a B – which would never happen – there would be a screaming, hair-tearing explosion. †8. She is convinced, that a Chinese parent can treat their child in any way they want to, calling them names and forcing them to do things, they don’t want to do, whereas western parents can’t be critic at all or demand anything of their child without ruining the self-esteem of their child â€Å"Chinese mothers can say to their daughters â€Å"Hey fatty – Lose some weight.†By contrast, Western parents have to tiptoe around the issue, talking in terms of â€Å"health† and never mention the f-word, and their kids still end up in therapy for eating disorders and negative self-image†9. In the modern world, it’s all about stepping up and making a name for yourself, no matter if you’re on Wall Street or a part of the underground music revolution. Many years ago, China’s economy was a wreck, peopl e starved and you had to be the best to survive.Call it Darwinism, but these people had to fight to be something, and I think this is how this Chinese way of raising children was created, and we learned from Amy’s article, that Chinese children are still raised this way. If a young child is brilliant at for example an instrument and a video is posted on Youtube and it goes viral and people hear about it, they sometimes ask â€Å"Is the kid Asian? †. Then people laugh, but it’s funny because it’s true!The Chinese, not to speak of rest of Asia, has conquered a big part of the market for manufactured products, and everywhere you go you see the stamp â€Å"Made In China†. No wonder if everyone in China raise their children like Amy does. When all this is said, I think children should be allowed to be children. It’s healthy for them to create social bands, but if they’re cut out from all social activity by their parents, they will automati cally become the outcast in their class.This is why we on American high schools always see white and black kids hang out together, but the Asians are usually for themselves. It’s natural to make boundaries for your child, the child should know the difference between right and wrong, but should definitely not learn that socializing is wrong. Maybe Amy didn’t get damaged in the process of being perfected by her parents, but I’m sure not every Chinese child is like her. We keep talking about leaving a better planet for our children – But how about leaving better children for our planet? Why chinese mothers are superior â€Å"Nothing is fun until you’re good at it.† That statement is the essence of the Chinese way of parenting. Studies show, that Chinese parents spend about 10 times as long as Western parents on academic activities with their children on a daily basis. But the question is, will all that discipline and those high expectations really create content and successful adults or does it in fact create children who will eventually resent their parents?The article was brought in The Wall Street Journal in 2011 and it is written by Amy Chua’s and from her point of view. She is a professor and a mother of two. She believes in the Chinese way of parenting – that discipline and expecting nothing less but perfection from your children, will eventually create happy and successful adults. In the article she argues for the reason why the Chinese upbringing is successful. She is married to a Westerner and therefore she has recognized three big differences in the Chinese and Western parental mind-sets.Amy believes these three differences to be the reason why Chinese children have a tendency to perform better at school. First of all, she thinks that Western parents are too concerned with their children’s self-esteem. As she says it: â€Å"Western parents are concerned about their children’s psyches. Chinese parents aren’t. They assume strength, not fragility, and as a result they behave very differently.† This statement is somewhat true. Western parents have a tendency to tiptoe around an issue; because they are petrified they might hurt their child’s feelings or damage their child’s self-esteem.If you expect your children to be fragile, they most likely will become fragile. If you on the other hand expect strength, and that they can handle the truth without getting a damaged self-esteem, they will be strong. But as always there must be moderation in all things. Amy Chua says: â€Å"That’s why the soluti on to substandard performance is always to excoriate, punish and shame the child. The Chinese parent believes that their child will be strong enough to take the shaming and to improve from it.†Punishing your children for a disappointing performance at school by castigating the child is very far from the Western parental mind-set. If you are disappointed in your children, it is better to be honest with them and tell them you know they can do better and what you expect of them in the future. It is unnecessary to lambast your children. It seems, that in Amy Chua’s mind respect and fear is the same thing, which in my mind seems hopelessly out of date.You should not fear your parents; instead they should be the ones in whom you could always seek comfort and support. Amy Chua has a completely different mind-set on where children are in the social hierarchy, which is the next big difference between Chinese and Western upbringing.Amy Chua believes that the second big difference between Chinese and Western upbringing is, that Chinese parents believe their kids owe them everything. In this part she uses her husband as an example of what a Westerners view is: â€Å"It’s parents who foist life on their kids, so it’s the parents’ responsibility to provide for them. Kids don’t owe their parents anything.†This is an opinion most Westerners share. It is a culture difference. It is  not only the Chinese culture, but also the Muslim, Jewish etc. that have this type of social hierarchy, where it is the older you are, and the higher status you have. Amy Chua may exaggerate when she says Chinese children owe their parents everything, but a lot of Westerners could learn to show more respect towards the elderly people. We could learn something from each other’s way of parenting, even though they are opposite of each other.In the next part Amy Chua points out the last big difference between the two very different ways of parent ing. â€Å"Third, Chinese parents believe that they know what is best for their children and therefore override all of their children’s own desires and preferences.† To explain the reasoning behind this statement, Amy tells a story from her own life, when her  daughter refused to play a piano piece because it was too hard. But Amy made her do it and in the end she did it and performed it perfectly. To a certain degree, it is okay for parents to make their children do something they do  not want to, because it takes practice.What you have to be careful about is keeping them away from the things they want to do. If they have a desire to something, not allowing them will only enhance that desire, and in the end that might cause some kind of drastic reaction from their part. Once again it is a really big difference between the Chinese and the Western mind-set. Western parents usually encourage their children to pursue their desires and support their decisions, whereas the Chinese parents believe they know what is best for their children.The fact that Western parents allow their children to do what they want with their lives, makes the Chinese parents think that Chinese parents care more about their children, because they won’t let them turn out badly. On the other hand, Westerners think that Chinese parents are callous people, who do not let their children be children. Amy think’s that is a misunderstanding on both sides, because as she says: â€Å"All decent parents want to do what is best for their children. The Chinese just have a totally different idea of how to do that.† Amy respects both ways of parenting, but it is oblivious throughout the article that Amy Chua believes the Chinese way of parenting is the right way to go.Amy Chua’s views on parenting might be slightly provoking to a lot of people, but she argues well for the reasoning behind it. In the article it seems that there are no consequences of the Chine se parental mind-set. But there always is. There is a possibility that Amy Chua’s way of parenting might cause her children to resent her at some point, when they realize that not every parent is like that. Also undermining the creative subjects like gym and drama is not the way to go.A lot of studies show the importance of creativity in a child’s life and exercise is crucial for children as well. It is also important to remember that the social intelligence is just as important as  the logical one, and maybe more. When the children are going to job interviews etc. it is very important to be socially qualified, and they won’t learn that by being kept away from sleepovers, play dates and so on. There are definitely consequences of the Chinese way of upbringing that Amy describes, just as well as there is of the Western way.Even though Amy is an advocate of the Chinese way of parenting, she does not glorify it. She uses humour and exaggeration to engage the read er for example: â€Å"If a Chinese child gets a B – which would never happen – there would first be a screaming, hair-tearing explosion.† She amplifies a lot in the examples she uses in order to emphasize just how different Western and Chinese parents are. An article is not engaging if it only consists of statistics and surveys. But like Amy does use those statistics and surveys to back up her own story. By doing that, the story becomes more believable. As readers we are much more interested to hear a personal story that is part of a greater hole.Amy also engages the reader by making a bold headline: â€Å"Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior†. When we read that we instantly feel a desire to know why and which arguments she has for making such a statement.The article ends with a summary of the contrast between the Western and Chinese parental mind-set. Both are very positive, but still very different. In that way Amy enlightens how both ways of parenting can be equally as good. The message of the article is that we should learn from each other’s way of parenting, and just because one environment is different, does not mean it is not equally as loving and nurturing as the other.

All About the USS Gerald Ford Aircraft Carrier

All About the USS Gerald Ford Aircraft Carrier One of the newer aircraft carriers is the Gerald R. Ford class, the first one to be named the USS Gerald R. Ford. The USS Gerald Ford is being built by Newport News Shipbuilding, a division of Huntington Ingalls Shipbuilding.The Navy plans to build 10 Gerald Ford class carriers, each with a  50-year  life span. The second Gerald Ford class carrier is named the USS John F. Kennedy and construction started in 2011. This class of aircraft carriers will replace the Nimitz class USS Enterprise carrier. Ordered in 2008, the USS Gerald Ford was scheduled for commissioning in 2017. Another carrier was scheduled to be completed in 2023.   A More Automated Aircraft Carrier The Gerald Ford-class carriers will have advanced aircraft arresting gear and be highly automated to reduce manpower requirements. The aircraft arresting gear (AAG) is built by General Atomics. Prior carriers used steam launchers to launch aircraft but the Gerald Ford will use the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) built by General Atomics. The carrier is nuclear powered with two reactors. The latest in stealth technology will be employed to reduce the ships radar signature. The Raytheon enhanced weapon handling and integrated warfare control systems will further improve ship operation. Dual Band Radar (DBR) will improve the ships ability to control aircraft and increase the number of sorties that can be made by 25 percent. The control island has been completely redesigned to enhance operations and be smaller. Aircraft carried by the carrier can include F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, EA-18G Growler, and F-35C Lightning II. Other aircraft on board include: EF-18G Growler electronic warfare aircraftE-2D Hawkeye for conducting battle management command and controlMH-60R Seahawk helicopter for antisubmarine and anti-surface warfare dutiesMH-60S Fire Scout unmanned helicopter. Current carriers use steam power throughout the ship but the Ford class has replaced all the steam lines with electric power. Weapons elevators on the carriers use electromagnetic hoists instead of wire rope to reduce maintenance costs. Hydraulics have been eliminated and replaced by electric actuators. Weapons elevators are built by Federal Equipment Company. Crew Amenities The new carriers will have enhanced quality of life for the crew. There are two galleys on the ship plus one for the Strike Group Commander and one for the Ship’s Commanding Officer. The ship will have improved air conditioning, better work spaces, sleeping and sanitary facilities. It is estimated that the operating cost of the new carriers will be $5 billion less over the ships life than the current Nimitz carriers. Parts of the ship are designed to be flexible and allow for future installation of speakers, lights, controls, and monitors. Ventilation and cabling are run under the decks to allow for easy reconfiguration. Weapons On Board Evolved Sea Sparrow missileRolling Airframe MissilePhalanx CIWSCarries 75 aircraft. Specifications Length 1,092 feetBeam 134 feetFlight deck 256 feetDraft 39 feetDisplacement 100,000 tonsPower generation from two nuclear reactors designed by Bettis LaboratoryFour shafts for propulsion (propulsion units built by General Electric and turbine generators are built by Northrop Grumman Marine Systems).Crew size 4,660 crew including ship staff and air wing personnel, 800 less than current carriersMaximum speed 30 knotsRange is unlimited since nuclear reactors can power the ship for many yearsApproximate cost $11.5 billion each To sum up, the next-generation aircraft carrier is the Gerald R. Ford class. It will carry superior firepower through over 75 aircraft, unlimited range using the nuclear reactors, lower manpower, and operating costs. The new design will increase the number of missions that the aircraft can complete making the carrier even more of a force.

The current state of the law of economic torts. The WritePass Journal

The current state of the law of economic torts. Introduction The current state of the law of economic torts. IntroductionTo be liable for inducing breach of contract:Liability for causing loss by unlawful means requires:BIBLIOGRAPHYRelated Introduction The three appeals considered by the House of Lords under the lead name OBG Ltd. v Allan [1]were concerned with claims in tort for third party economic loss caused by intentional acts, and were heard consecutively because the legal issues overlapped. [2] The current state of the law of economic torts [3] has been described as â€Å"ramshackle†.[4] Some commentators have suggested this is because this area of the law lacks the kind of general principle applied by Lord Atkin in Donoghue v Stevenson [5]which successfully unified the law of negligence. [6] Others believe that such generalisation is neither possible nor desirable [7], and that there is no ‘genus’ tort that provides a base for all the economic torts. [8] The grounds for action presented in these three cases were: [9] (1) interference by unlawful means with contractual relations; [10] (2) interference by unlawful means with contractual or business relations; [11] (3) wrongfully inducing breach of contract. [12], [13] The issue which the Lords took this opportunity to address was whether three such separate heads of tort exist or whether they might be rationalised within a ‘unified theory’. Most publicity surrounding thecase centred on the celebrity wedding and much of the expectation in the legal journals was focussed on right to privacy issues. [14] In the event the House effectively erased all of twentieth century caselaw from the three party economic torts. The key dicta were: (1) inducing breach of contract should continue to be considered a distinct category of tort and not be subsumed within the general category of unlawful interference with business, [15] and; (2) unlawful interference with contractual relations should not be a separate head of tort but should be considered under the conditions of liability for unlawful interference with business.[16]   To understand the significance of this decision we must review the history of the economic torts to discover how we got into â€Å"our present pickle?† [17] Economic losses are a difficult area of law in a free market since one business may suffer losses, or even be put out of business, by the lawful competition of a rival. The courts have no role to play in this normally, and economic orthodoxy considers there are consequent gains for consumers, producers and workers.[18]   Historically in English common law unlawful interference in trade was actionable.   Lord Hoffman [19] cites  Ã‚   Garret v Taylor   [20]where a business was harmed because the defendant â€Å"imposed so many and so great threats upon all comers threatening to mayhem†, and Tarleton v M’Gawley [21], where the tort lay in â€Å"firing a cannon at negroes and thereby preventing them from trading with the plaintiff.† [22]   Thankfully, by the turn of the century, in Carrington v Taylor, [23]   it was only ducks that were being shot at in a dispute over wildfowling rights: where a violentact is done to a mans livelihood ; there an action lies in all cases. [24] Such cases are straightforward because, the defendant’s liability is primary. The respective acts of threatening mayhem and discharging ordnance at potential customers are clearly in themselves unlawful. But the law of torts has inevitably grown and been modified over the centuries, in response to changing conditions within society, [25] and as the ingenuity of the industrialists and entrepreneurs of Victoria’s Empire developed more subtle ways of influencing the customers. The courts’ attitude to the nineteenth century free-market was crystallised in Mogul Steamship Co Ltd v McGregor, Gow Co   [26], which established the boundaries of lawful competition as whatever is â€Å"neither forcible nor fraudulent.† [27] A number of ship owners had entered into a league and had applied â€Å"sharp practices and power plays† [28]   in seeking to control the tea trade from certain Chinese ports, but nothing that was actually unlawful: To say that a man is to trade freely, but that he is to stop short at any act which is calculated to harm other tradesmenwould be a strange and impossible council of perfection. [29] The authority for all inducing breach of contract cases is Lumley v Gye. [30]  Two rival theatre owners were vying for the services of the opera diva Johanna Wagner, neice of the famous composer. Lumley   had contracted Wagner to sing twice a week at Her Majesty’s Theatre for a payment of  £100 per week.[31]   Wagner subsequently agreed with Gye that she would sing at Covent Garden for a â€Å"larger sum.† [32]   Lumley raised an action against Gye for â€Å"maliciously procuring† a breach of contract. [33] The case which completed the triangular foundation on which twentieth century economic tort law was to be constructed was Allen v Flood. [34]   In essence this case simply extended the principle of Mogul Steamship Co. to labour disputes. In the same way that rival businesses are free to cause harm to one another in lawful pursuit of their own interests, so too is an employee free to cause economic harm to a rival employee (by getting him laid off) as long as no unlawful means are employed.[35] Such an analysis seems perfectly reasonable with a century of hindsight but the social mood of the time was perhaps less comfortable with it. [36]   The Lords specifically rejected the proposition that liability might arise whenever one person did damage to another wilfully and intentionally without just cause and excuse. [37] Since Allen liability has turned on intentional procurement of an actionable wrong or the deliberate use, or threatened use, of illegal means directed against the claimant. [38] In respect of the House of Lord’s judgement in OBG,   the law could have stopped here, but over the next century several false trails were followed. The seeds of confusion, [39] were sown by Quinn v Leathem. [40]  This case involved â€Å"boycotting by trade unions in one of its most objectionable forms,† [41] but as ever it wasn’t the details of fact that caused confusion but the details in the dicta. Two key passages were identified by Lord Hoffman, purporting to re-state the basis of Lumley v Gye: (1) â€Å"it is a violation of legal right to interfere with contractual relations recognised by law† [42] and; (2) â€Å"The principle which underlies the decision reaches all wrongful acts done intentionally to damage a particular individual.† [43] The problem with these respective passages is: (1) Lumley wasn’t founded on merely interfering with a contract but on inducing an actual breach of a contract and; (2) inducing a breach of contract isn’t of itself a wrongful act but only attracts secondary liability once there’s been a breach. In Sorrell v Smith [44]Lord Dunedin was prompted to invoke the prayer of Ajax in an attempt to clear the â€Å"fog of battle† from this area of law,   but a ‘penumbra of doubt’ [45] nonetheless continued to hang over cases where there was interference with contractual performance but no actual breach of contractual obligations.   â€Å"The muddle set in† [46], when DC Thomson Co Ltd v Deakin [47]consolidated the unified theory that considered inducing breach of contract to be a species of the more general tort of unlawful interference with contractual rights. [48] Throughout the twentieth century as the law worked to connect the various islands of the â€Å"archipelago† that was the common law of economic torts [49] with stepping stones of caselaw, it was invariably in the trade union disputes that the lords ran the greatest risk of getting their feet wet. In Torquay Hotel Co Ltd v Cousins   [50]   L.Denning declared: The time has come when the principle should be further extended to cover deliberate and direct interference with the execution of a contract without that causing any breach. [51] The creation of this tort of interference with contract has been much criticised and has not been supported by later authority. [52] Rather judges have stressed â€Å"the limits which as a matter of policy the court must place on the principle of Lumley v Gye†. [53]   For Lord Hoffman all this confusion has arisen from attempts to apply the unified theory [54] and he thinks â€Å"it is time for the unnatural union between the Lumley v Gye tort and the tort of causing loss by unlawful means to be dissolved.† [55] He believes commentators like Tony Weir seek to confer too broad an ambit on the tort of causing loss by unlawful means, [56] and sides with those who are critical of Weir’s â€Å"Herculean† ambition to unify the economic torts, believing that â€Å"clarity is not in itself sufficient reason for accepting a particular factor as a determinant of tort liability.† [57]   Weir himself sees the â€Å"illegitimate tort of interference with contract† [58] as the problem, and the confusion as arising from interpretations of Lumley that focus on the plaintiff’s rights rather than the defendant’s wrong. [59] This has got the law into the   position where we see â€Å"honest demonstrators enjoined from putting their views to the supermarketing public†, [60] and â€Å"a singer sued for not singing by those for whom she never agreed to sing.† [61], [62] Some commentators have even suggested a possible analysis of Lumley in terms of †Å"ownership or possession† and â€Å"rights in rem.†[63]Certainly some early Scottish cases based on the delict of   harbouring of employees have more of a feel of invasion of res corporales [64] than anything to do with contract. [65] However almost everyone had long identified a pressing need for an authoritative definition of the tort of unlawful interference with trade. [66] The House of Lords therefore took this belated opportunityto answer Ajax’s prayer and we can now say that following their decision in OBG the law is as follows: To be liable for inducing breach of contract: (1)  Ã‚   you must know you are inducing a breach and that the act you are procuring will have this effect, it is not sufficient that the breach was merely a foreseeable consequence of your action. (2)  Ã‚   you must have knowledge not just of the existence of the contract but of the essential terms relevant to the breach. (3)  Ã‚   the claimant must have been intentionally targeted, whether the breach was an end in itself or the means to some further end. (4)  Ã‚   there must have been an actual breach: â€Å"no secondary liability without primary liability.† Liability for causing loss by unlawful means requires: (1)  Ã‚   wrongful interference with the actions of a third party in which the Claimant has an economic interest. (2)  Ã‚   intention thereby to cause loss to the Claimant whether or not the loss was an end in itself or the means to an end. (3)  Ã‚   wrongful interference would be any act actionable by that third party or which would have been actionable had he sufferd loss by it, and would exclude acts which may be unlawful against a third party but which do not affect his freedom to deal with the Claimant. Many of the journal articles about this decision focus on the confidence and privacy issues, [70] but reaction to this clarification of the economic torts seem mainly positive, with expectation that there should be fewer cases where claimants cherry-pick the most favourable features of each tort and ignore the requisite limiting features. [71] BIBLIOGRAPHY Bagshaw, R. Can the Economic Torts be Unified (1998) 18 OJLS 729 Caddick, A. The Wedding Crashers – Take 6 157 NLJ 8 Carty, H. Intentional Violation of Economic Interests: The Limits of Common Law (1998)   (104)LQR Dugdale, A.M. Jones, M.A. (editors) Clerk Lindsell On Torts, 19th edition, London, Sweet Maxwell, 2006 Financial Times (2nd August 1982) Harvie, C. Revolution and the Rule of Law in Morgan, K.O. ed. The Oxford Illustrated History of Britian, Oxford University Press, 1988 Heuston, R. Juridicial Prosopography (1986) 102   LQR   90 House of Commons Research Library, HCRL 99/20 Kolbert, C.F. (translator), Justinian The Digest of Roman Law: Theft, Rapine, Damage and Insult, Penguin, 1979 Lynch, M. Scotland A New History, Pimlico, 2006 McIntyre, E. Wisely, I. Public and Confidential 2007 52(6) JLSS   18 McLaren, J. Nuisance Law and the Industrial Revolution (1983) 3 OJLS 155 Michalos, C. Douglas v Hello! – The Final Frontier 2007 18(7) Ent LR   241 Mitchell, G. Economic Tort (2007) 157 NLJ 919 Muirhead, J.S. An Outline of Roman Law, William Hodge Co. Ltd., 1937 O’Dair, R. Justifying An Interference With Contractual Rights   (1991)11 OJLS 246 Oliphant, K. 62 MLR 320 at 322 (review of Weir, T. Economic Torts) Reid, K. Zimmermann, R. A History of Private Law in Scotland Vol. II Obligations, Oxford University Press, 2000 Stewart, W.J. Reparation: Liability for Delict Thomson/W.Green 2003 to date (loose-leaf) Stilitz, D. Sales, P. Intentional Infliction of Harm By Unlawful Means LQR 1999 411 Thomson, J. Delictual Liability, LexisNexis UK, 3rd edition, 2004 Walker, D.M. The Law of Delict in Scotland Vol II, W.Green, 1966 [Note 2nd revised edition   1981] Watts, P. Self-Appointed Agents – Liability in Tort (2007) 123 (Oct)   LQR 519 Wedderburn, L. Rocking the Torts (1983) 46 MLR 224 Weir, T. A Casebook on Tort, 6th edition, London, Sweet Maxwell, 1988 Weir, T. Economic Torts, London, Clarendon Press, 1997 Zimmermann, R. The Law of Obligations, Oxford University Press, 1996 CASES Allen v Flood [1898] AC 1 Carrington v Taylor (1809) 11 East 571 [HeinOnline] Couper v Macfarlane 1879 6 R 683 D C Thomson Co Ltd v Deakin [1952] Ch 646 Dickson v Taylor 1816 1 Mur 141 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Douglas v Hello! Ltd [2003] EWHC 786 (Ch) Garret v Taylor (1620) Cro Jac 567, 2 Roll Rep 162 [HeinOnline] Lumley v Gye (1853) 2 EB 216 Lumley v Wagner 1 De GMG 604 Mainstream Properties Ltd v Young [2005] EWCA Civ 861 Middlebrook Mushrooms v TGWU [1993] IRLR 232 (CA) Millar v Bassey [1994] EMLR 44 Mogul Steamship Co Ltd v McGregor, Gow Co (1889) 23 QBD 598 Mogul Steamship Co Ltd v McGregor, Gow Co [1892] AC 25 OBG Ltd v Allan [2007] UKHL 21 Quinn v Leathem [1901] AC 495 Rose Street Foundry Engineering Co Ltd v John Lewis Sons Ltd 1917 SC 341 Sorrell v Smith [1925] AC 700 Tarleton v M’Gawley (1790) 1 Peake NPC 270 [HeinOnline] Torquay Hotel Co Ltd v Cousins [1969] 2 Ch 106 on have not been pleaded.†

The case study is about a project to open a new Tesco Super Store

The is about a project to open a new Tesco Super Store - Case Study Example E. Stockwell (Simms, 26). The company expanded rapidly opening several stores from 1929 and eventually went public in 1947 when it was listed on the London Stock Exchange as Tesco Stores (Holdings) Limited. The company continued to grow through various acquisitions during the 1950s and 60s such as the acquisition of 70 Williamson's stores, 97 Charles Phillips stores, 212 Irwins stores, and 200 Harrow Stores outlets. At present, the company has continued to experience growth and success making a market leader within the grocery and general products retail market. The company’s stores are branded differently based on the location, size, and mode of acquisition. The main store brands are Tesco Extra, Tesco Metro, Tesco Express, Tesco Superstores, Tesco Homeplus, Dobbies, And One Stop. This paper aims to present the key elements involved in managing a successful project involving the opening of a new Tesco Superstore. It will discuss the key stages and associated tasks that will b e required in order to ensure overall success of the entire project, the project management processes and techniques that should be applied during the life of the project, and the important skills and competencies required by the project manager and team to achieve a successful project. Key stages and associated tasks required to ensure overall success of the project A project is usually described as a temporary group activity that is intended to produce a unique result, product, or service (Project Management Institute, 5). As such, a project is a plan of work that is aimed at bringing a beneficial change and is therefore expected to have a defined beginning and an end, and bears a scope of work that usually is unique and entails a lot of uncertainty (Prabhakar, 4). In addition, a project has several times, cost, and quality constraints and requires a multi-disciplinary team to carry out the project to its end. In order for a project to be successful, it must: Deliver the required benefits and outcomes expected by the organization, major stakeholders, delivery partners, and any other stakeholders involved in the project. Stay within the set out time targets and financial budgets; Engage the correct people and utilize the resources available within the organization and elsewhere appropriately (Cleland and Roland 176). Produce and realize deliverables that adhere to the agreed requirements; Have the necessary risk management skills and techniques required to manage adequately any risks that may arise and could jeopardize its success; Take into consideration of any changes that could occur in the manner in which the organization operates and all the diverse needs of the employees and other key stakeholders who shall be impacted by the various changes that may arise from the project. Five main stages of a project that must be undertaken in order to achieve success, namely: Initiating Under this stage, the management within an organization identifies a key busines s problem facing the organization or a unique opportunity that the organization could pursue and a possible business case that could provide a possible solution is identified. One needs to understand the environment within which the business operates in to be able to identify the scope of the project and the

The Role of Social Media in Business Research Paper

The Role of Social Media in Business - Research Paper Example In addition, the social media technology is the most excellent tool for the companies to promote their business, for example if a company is selling services, products or publishing ads, then social media is the most excellent method to make their website gainful in a minimum amount of time (Deepika, 2010). This paper will discuss some of the important aspects of social media and their influence on the current business industry. This paper will also outline some of the main advantages and disadvantages of the social media. The role of social media in business At the present, social media is playing a significant role in business sector. In the past it was frequently used for carrying out non-business activities. For instance, people used it to connect with their friends as well as for searching and making new friends. However, now it has become a basic need for most of the businesses since business people are making use of social media particularly Twitter and Facebook for performing market research, marketing their products and services and for supporting clients. To serve this purpose, a large number of social media related websites are available. All of them offer specific advantages and users need to follow their rules. In this regard, the graph given below demonstrates the rapid expansion for the job requirements in "social media". Additionally, this expansion rate has reached up to 1,750 percent. However, the basic cause of this expansion is very simple, since all the corporations require people skilled in creating Social Media API, particularly experts in building Twitter applications and Facebook tools (QualityPoint Technologies, 2011) and (Deepika, 2010). Figure 1Social Media Growth, Image Source: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNpaHY6MbV6rv22QJHzqQlOLS9_SzO5SJEMfueLnekf5GwcL0WEzg80cJrA1bDhFiHEidy3GMoDfMifR5xUsEpZOWEv0wnAT1orhASX-FPo-eYqdsNW4QWujqbk9b_hWldoTtW0fpdkGzS/s1600/jobgraph.png Additionally, the social networking websites (such as Twitter, LinkedIn, Myspace and Facebook) present choices for companies to build and maintain their business prof iles and pages, through which they can promote their services and products. In addition, with the modern applications that enumerate likes and dislikes of users, Facebook now allows its users to join â€Å"groups† that facilitate companies in marketing their products or services. Thus, it has become a blessing for the businesses that these social networking websites have offered. Moreover, the latest movement of users, for instance joining business groups or adding support to business ads, will be listed on the users’ profile however it is acknowledged as â€Å"newsfeed†. As well, this newsfeed presents recent news regarding the tasks performed by the users on their home page (Cortez, 2011). Furthermore, for the majority of businesses this social networking based system (or more simply e-collaboration) has turned into a base of electronic marketing. In this scenario, Facebook facilitates business managers to interact with the masses what they are going to do, wh at proceedings are happening, what attainments or recognitions have been established by other businesses. In addition, articles published in recent newspapers and other media related to business industry are copied and pasted onto the corporate profile or added to their position. For instance,

The wrongs of Obama Care Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The wrongs of Obama Care - Research Paper Example es to develop as they tend to have a lesser margin of profit and does not have extra costs compared to large businesses.4 Under these conditions, it can be implied that such act as the Obamacare could only generate a negative impact towards the health care system and it even makes erroneous government programs towards the workers employed in small businesses that do not support health insurance. Similarly, Nina Bernstein of the New York Times reported that the Affordable Care Act establishes state exchanges in reducing the cost of commercial health insurance, however, it needs a proof of citizenship or legal immigration status by the immigrants in order to â€Å"take part and apply for Medicaid benefits† provided under the law.5 This essay seeks to discuss and analyze the essential components characterized by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), or Obamacare as recognized by most people. These features include funding, regulation, taxing, and individual mand ate, wherein President Obama himself considers such legislation to be favorable and beneficial to the US economy. 2.0 Funding In one of the latest news concerning Obamacare, John Fund reported that the plan to cut $200 billion from Medicare Advantage and use the money in subsidizing the coverage of expansion to millions of Americans uninsured in the government’s program for the poor, or Medicaid is one of the misleading falsehood or deceptions of Obamacare, wherein such deception remains to be concealed as the US presidential election is fast approaching.6 Accordingly, the administration also plans to direct an approximately $8.3 billion to the Medicare Advantage, which according to the news, is sufficient to compensate about 71 percent of the cuts intended for the program this year and until 2014. However, California Representative, Darrell Issa says that the attempt to direct $8.3 billion into the Medicare Advantage is the primary reason to hide the possible trouble of havi ng a $200-billion cut, and the so-called â€Å"demonstration project,† as Representative Issa noted, is a â€Å"political fiction† that can be used in buying the votes of the electorate in this year’s upcoming election.7 Unfortunately, the probabilities of implementing Obamacare and be legally enforced into the health care system will eventually compel the seniors to retract to the traditional system of Medicare at an expense greater than the current one, and in the long run, this could spur doubts on President Obama’s statement that under such law, anyone who supports his program on health insurance are capable of sustaining it.8 As provided under section 1311-1313 of the Act,9

Alzheimers disease Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alzheimers disease - Term Paper Example 1). In fact, Alzheimer’s disease happens to be the most common form of dementia in this nation. Dementia in fact happens to be a large set covering a range of illnesses that involve deterioration of the nerve cells or a loss of their ability to work normally. Alzheimer’s disease is a serious condition that renders the patient incapable of performing the most basic of bodily activities like swallowing and walking. The irony is that Alzheimer’s disease in the long run eventually ends up being fatal. Though it is a still quiet difficult to explain as to how the Alzheimer’s disease process begins, it would be safe to say that the damage to the nerve cells in this disease begins a decade or more before the actual symptoms begin to appear (Newport & Hirsch, 2011). In the preclinical stage the patients in the Alzheimer’s disease tend to appear normal, however, the toxic alterations and changes in the brain do tend to start much earlier. The disease is characterized by abnormal deposits of proteins leading to the formation of tau tangles and amyloid plaques allover in the brain (Newport & Hirsch, 2011). Thereby the neurons which happened to be early healthier, begin to function in an abnormal manner. In the long run the neurons begin to lose the ability to work and communicate with each other, eventually leading to their death. Gradually the disease spreads to the hippocampus part of the brain, which is the repository of memories (Newport & Hirsch, 2011). With the gradu al demise of neurons, the parts of brain proceed to shrink. In the long run the damage grows over to be widespread leading to a significant shrinking of the brain tissue (Newport & Hirsch, 2011). Alzheimer’s disease actually happens to be a progressive brain disease marked by symptoms like memory changes that disrupt normal life, confusions pertaining to time and place, difficulty in accomplishing even the most basic of

Week Six Discussion questions and Participation questions Essay

Week Six Discussion questions and Participation questions - Essay Example I learned a lot of valuable lessons during this business course. Training and development can be used as a strategic tool to improve the value of the human capital of a firm. I learned that employees are motivated by financial and non-financial rewards. An example of a non-financial reward is receiving a â€Å"congratulations† from the boss on a job well done. A third concept I learned in class is there many employment laws that protect the rights of workers. There are laws that protect employees against racial discrimination and sexual harassment. A fourth concept I learned in classroom is job analysis. Job analysis can be defined as set of procedures used to collect and classify information about tasks the organization needs to complete (Schermerhorn & Hunt & Osborn, 2003). A training and development program that the company offers to some of its employees is the management training program. The management and training program is available to talented employees that have shown leadership abilities and who have at least a bachelor degree. The program does not necessarily imply the person is to be promoted to a managerial position. There is financial incentive that pays the employees a cash reward after completion of the program. Compensation systems are important because they represent a mechanism that is in place to reward the employees for their efforts. An effective compensation plan will have many elements. The hourly pay is just one of these elements. There are many fringe benefits that can be offered to motivate employees. Some of the different elements of a complete compensation plan include maternity leave, paternity leave, extended vacations, sick days, medical plan, car allowance, flexible time, gymnasium privileges, college tuition assistance, and child day care allowance. Another ways to improve a compensation plan is by offering profit sharing, year-end bonuses,

Evaluation of Tell website Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Evaluation of Tell website - Research Paper Example The importance of a having a specific objective in mind when designing a website is highlighted and main elements of a successful website is explained. The objectives of the Tell Information Systems website are defined. A study of Saudi internet users in general, the target audience of the website and a comparison of the Tell website to those of its competitors is made. In light of this study we craft a general internet marketing strategy for the website, make a list of requirements for having an efficiently working website and end with some recommendations. This report concerns my task as an internee of Tell Information Systems, which was to evaluate and help redesign Tell website and create an internet marketing campaign for Tell. This report highlights the benefits that having a well maintained website and an internet presence could bring to the company including the ability to expose their products and services to millions of potential new customers, learn more about their prospective customers and answer their questions about the products and services, offer customer support and service, present an improved image of the company. 3 The importance of a having a specific objective in mind when designing a website is highlighted and main elements of a successful website is explained. The objectives of the Tell Information Systems website are defined. A study of Saudi internet users in general, the target audience of the website and a comparison of the Tell website to those of its competitors is made. In light of this study we craft a general internet marketing strategy for the website, make a list of requirements for having an efficiently working website and end with some recommendations. 3 This report evaluates the Tell Information Systems website with a view to improve the effectiveness of the company’s website. Tell Information Systems is an up and coming IT Company based in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The company offers a range of

Alzheimers disease Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alzheimers disease - Term Paper Example 1). In fact, Alzheimer’s disease happens to be the most common form of dementia in this nation. Dementia in fact happens to be a large set covering a range of illnesses that involve deterioration of the nerve cells or a loss of their ability to work normally. Alzheimer’s disease is a serious condition that renders the patient incapable of performing the most basic of bodily activities like swallowing and walking. The irony is that Alzheimer’s disease in the long run eventually ends up being fatal. Though it is a still quiet difficult to explain as to how the Alzheimer’s disease process begins, it would be safe to say that the damage to the nerve cells in this disease begins a decade or more before the actual symptoms begin to appear (Newport & Hirsch, 2011). In the preclinical stage the patients in the Alzheimer’s disease tend to appear normal, however, the toxic alterations and changes in the brain do tend to start much earlier. The disease is characterized by abnormal deposits of proteins leading to the formation of tau tangles and amyloid plaques allover in the brain (Newport & Hirsch, 2011). Thereby the neurons which happened to be early healthier, begin to function in an abnormal manner. In the long run the neurons begin to lose the ability to work and communicate with each other, eventually leading to their death. Gradually the disease spreads to the hippocampus part of the brain, which is the repository of memories (Newport & Hirsch, 2011). With the gradu al demise of neurons, the parts of brain proceed to shrink. In the long run the damage grows over to be widespread leading to a significant shrinking of the brain tissue (Newport & Hirsch, 2011). Alzheimer’s disease actually happens to be a progressive brain disease marked by symptoms like memory changes that disrupt normal life, confusions pertaining to time and place, difficulty in accomplishing even the most basic of

Evaluation of Tell website Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Evaluation of Tell website - Research Paper Example The importance of a having a specific objective in mind when designing a website is highlighted and main elements of a successful website is explained. The objectives of the Tell Information Systems website are defined. A study of Saudi internet users in general, the target audience of the website and a comparison of the Tell website to those of its competitors is made. In light of this study we craft a general internet marketing strategy for the website, make a list of requirements for having an efficiently working website and end with some recommendations. This report concerns my task as an internee of Tell Information Systems, which was to evaluate and help redesign Tell website and create an internet marketing campaign for Tell. This report highlights the benefits that having a well maintained website and an internet presence could bring to the company including the ability to expose their products and services to millions of potential new customers, learn more about their prospective customers and answer their questions about the products and services, offer customer support and service, present an improved image of the company. 3 The importance of a having a specific objective in mind when designing a website is highlighted and main elements of a successful website is explained. The objectives of the Tell Information Systems website are defined. A study of Saudi internet users in general, the target audience of the website and a comparison of the Tell website to those of its competitors is made. In light of this study we craft a general internet marketing strategy for the website, make a list of requirements for having an efficiently working website and end with some recommendations. 3 This report evaluates the Tell Information Systems website with a view to improve the effectiveness of the company’s website. Tell Information Systems is an up and coming IT Company based in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The company offers a range of

The origins of representative democracy Essay Example for Free

The origins of representative democracy Essay Who benefited from the Magna Carta? The English NobilityThe English nobility gained the most benefits from the Magna Carta, which established limitations on the power of the king. Which of the following was guaranteed in the English Bill of Rights? Freedom from taxation without representation. Whose ideas about government greatly influenced the men who drafted the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution? John Locke The writings of John Locke, a British philosopher of the Enlightenment period, had a profound influence on the Founding Fathers. What was the colonists’ primary complaint about the rule of the British Crown? The American colonists’ primary complaint was that they were subject to heavy taxes from the British Crown. Which of the following was a component of the Coercive Acts? Establishment of martial law, the requirement for the colonists to quarter British soldiers, the closure of the port of Boston, and the dissolution of the Massachusetts legislature were all components of the Coercive Acts. Which event directly resulted from the Coercive Acts? the First Continental Congress directly resulted from the Coercive Acts. Which section of the Declaration of Independence contains arguments on the right to revolution? Arguments on the right to revolution, based on the philosophy of John Locke, are found in the second section of the Declaration of Independence. Who was given the primary responsibility for drafting the Declaration of Independence? Thomas Jefferson was given the primary responsibility for drafting the Declaration of Independence. What were the main ideas expressed in the Declaration of Independence? The main ideas expressed in the Declaration of Independence were individual rights and liberties and the duty of the government to protect them. The Articles of Confederation specified that the United States would be which form of government? The Articles of Confederation specified that the United States would be a republic. What concerned the Founders in drafting the Articles of Confederation? Mob rule, arbitrary monarchical power, large territory size, and the ability of the people to check government power were all taken into account by the Founders when they drafted the Articles of Confederation. Which of the following was NOT a component of the Articles of Confederation? A bicameral legislature was not a component of the Articles of Confederation (Congress had a single chamber). What led the Founders to realize that the Articles of Confederation needed to be reconfigured? Crises like Shays Rebellion, the inability of the national government to control financial concerns and raise taxes, the disproportionate power held by the states, and the vulnerability of the new nation due to the lack of an executive all contributed to the movement to reconfigure the Articles of Confederation. As the Constitution was being drafted, who was most in support of equal representation in the national legislature? Small states such as Rhode Island most strongly supported equal representation in the legislature. Which of the following plans for representation was incorporated into the Connecticut Compromise? The Connecticut Compromise incorporated a plan calling for each state to be proportionally represented in one house of a bicameral legislature (the House of Representatives). What was Shays Rebellion? Farmers in western Massachusetts, angry that their lands were being foreclosed upon for debts, shut down the courts and stormed an arsenal. The Constitution was ratified in the year? The Constitution was ratified in 1788. The Bill of Rights was ratified in the year?1791 How many terms did George Washington serve as president before leaving office? George Washington served two terms. Marbury v. Madison confirmed the Supreme Courts power to declare laws passed by Congress unconstitutional. What did the case involve? Marbury v. Madison concerned a dispute over William Marburys appointment to a government post. Debates at the Constitutional Convention surrounding the executive branch included which of the following? Debates surrounding the executive branch included both how many executives should serve and how to elect the executive. The Constitution differed from the Articles of Confederation in that itThe Constitution differed from the Articles of Confederation in that it gave Congress the power to establish a national court system. What did it take for Virginia and New York to finally agree to ratify the Constitution? New York and Virginia agreed to ratify the Constitution only after the Federalists promised to include amendments clarifying the limits on government power (the Bill of Rights). Chapter 1. The Founding Constitution Study Questions: Key Terms: Great Compromise (or Connecticut Compromise) The Great Compromise was an agreement made among the delegates to the Constitutional Convention that the American government would have two houses in Congress: the Senate where each state has two Senators, and the House of Representatives where each state has a number of Representatives based on population. The Great Compromise ended one of the most serious disagreements among the new states. Small states felt that all states were equal in stature and that if Congressional representation were based upon population, they would be outvoted on everything. Large states felt that populations should determine how many representatives a state should have, because they were afraid that they would be outvoted by the small states. This disagreement was preventing the Constitution from being adopted. In order to move forward on the Constitution, the states compromised and made Congress as a bicameral legislative body. Without the Great Compromise, there might not be the Constitution or US Government as we know it today. Background: Two plans were put forth during the Constitutional Convention to create the new branches of government. The Virginia Plan wanted a strong national government with three branches. The legislature would have two houses. One would be directly elected by the people and the second would selected by the first house from people nominated by the state legislatures. Further, the president and national judiciary would be chosen by the national legislature. On the other hand, the New Jersey Plan wanted a more decentralized plan amending the old Articles yet allowing for a somewhat stronger government. Each state would have one vote in Congress. The Great Compromise combined these two plans creating our current legislature with two houses, one based on population and elected by the people and the other house allowing two senators per state being appointed by state legislatures. (Direct election of Senators began after the 17th amendment was ratified in 1913.) Bicameralism a legislative body having two branches, houses, or chambers 3/5ths Compromise Three-Fifths Compromise: slaves would not be counted as whole persons for the purposes of representation, but they would not be excluded from the population count either. Instead, a slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person. In this way, large Southern slave states would not be overly advantaged in representation in the lower house of Congress, but they would be recognized for their population size. However, besides allowing greater representation for states with large slave populations, the Constitution did not address the institution of slavery in any other way. It would take 80 years and the bloody Civil War for the nation to fully eradicate slavery and recognize African Americans as free persons with rights to citizenship. Even then, it would be another century before African Americans in the South would enjoy equal access to voting and be allowed to serve as members of a jury. Separation of Powers Separation of powers, therefore, refers to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. The intent is to prevent the concentration of power and provide for checks and balances. The traditional characterizations of the powers of the branches of American government are: * The legislative branch is responsible for enacting the laws of the state and appropriating the money necessary to operate the government. * The executive branch is responsible for implementing and administering the public policy enacted and funded by the legislative branch. * The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting the constitution and laws and applying their interpretations to controversies brought before it. Forty state constitutions specify that government be divided into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. California illustrates this approach; The powers of state government are legislative, executive, and judicial. Persons charged with the exercise of one power may not exercise either of the others except as permitted by this Constitution. While separation of powers is key to the workings of American government, no democratic system exists with an absolute separation of powers or an absolute lack of separation of powers. Governmental powers and responsibilities intentionally overlap; they are too complex and interrelated to be neatly compartmentalized. As a result, there is an inherent measure of competition and conflict among the branches of government. Throughout American history, there also has been an ebb and flow of preeminence among the governmental branches. Such experiences suggest that where power resides is part of an evolutionary process. This Web page provides resources for legislators and staff to use in addressing separation of powers issues. It organizes them into broad categories and links to a diverse set of resources to illustrate how the doctrine applies to specific issues under each category. The resources include law review articles, court cases and legislative reports.

Partial Rate of Diffusion of Potassium Dichromate

Partial Rate of Diffusion of Potassium Dichromate ABSTRACT Diffusion is the process where molecules spread into spaces. It was observed that the formation of ammonium chloride was near the hydrochloric acid meaning the ammonia diffused faster. One factor that affects the rate of it is the molecular weight of a substance. If molecular weight affects the rate of diffusion, then, the higher or lower the molecular weight the slower or faster the rate of diffusion. To test this factor, a drop of potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, and methylene blue were placed on each wells of the petri dish containing agar water gel. After thirty minutes, the partial rate and average rate of diffusion are calculated and the results showed that the substance with the lowest molecular weight, potassium permanganate, diffuses fastest. The molecular weight affects the rate of diffusion, the lighter the molecular weight the slower the rate of diffusion and vice versa. The molecular weight of the substance is inversely proportional to the rate of diffusion. INTRODUCTION Diffusion is the process where the molecules of solid, liquid or gas spread spontaneously to occupy a space. Gas molecules are the fastest to diffuse since their molecules are scattered from one another. The molecules of diffusion moves randomly and they spread into available space (Mendoza E, 2003). Hydrochloric acid is formed by mixture of hydrogen ion and chlorine ion. According to the Lewis’ theory of acids and bases, hydrochloric acid is an acid because an element (chlorine) was paired to a hydrogen ion and when it is dissolved in water, it produces hydrogen ion (Ebbing and Gammon, 2011). A 0.1M of hydrochloric acid has a pH level of 1 meaning it is strong enough to dissolved iron nails (Mendoza E, 2003). Hydrochloric acid has a molecular weight of about 36.46 g/mol and can be found inside our stomach because it helps on the digestion of the food we eat (Reece et al, 2005). Ammonium hydroxide is a base because it produces hydroxide ion when dissolves in water. The ammonium hydroxide decomposes forming ammonia and water. In a decomposition reaction, a compound turns into simpler substances or elements. The ammonia has a molecular weight of about 17.031 g/mol and water has about 18g/mol (Mendoza E, 2003). When ammonium hydroxide breaks down into ammonia and water, since hydrochloric acid is an acid, when it is dissolved in water, it will produce hydrogen ion. On the other hand, the chlorine ion(C ) will react with ammonia (N). This reaction is called synthesis reaction (HCl + N O → NCl + +O) (Mendoza E, 2003). From the reaction, ammonium chloride is produced by the synthesis of ammonia and chlorine ion. The ammonia and hydrochloric acid spread to available space until they meet. After they met, a reaction of white powder is formed. The ring is near to the hydrochloric acid compare to the ammonia (France C. 2014) There are many factors that affect the rate of diffusion. When heat is applied, the molecules moves quicker, making the solute dissolves faster. The diffusion rate also increased by stirring where molecules move faster between the molecules of water. Diffusion is also affected by the density of the solvent where diffusion is slower when it has a higher density (Lozano Sandico, 2003). Molecular weight also affects the rate of diffusion. Lighter particles diffuse faster than heavy particles It has an inverse proportionality where the smaller the size of the particles, the faster the rate of diffusion (Tro, 2008). The difference in concentration can affect the rate of diffusion too. The distance of diffusion also affects the rate of it where it takes time to diffuse a particle for farther place. Permeability is also a factor of diffusion where if the substance does not permit a substance to pass through it, thus, there will be no diffusion (Meyertholen E., 2014) Based on the observation, the ammonium hydroxide decomposed into ammonia (N) and water (O), while the hydrochloric acid decomposed into hydrogen ion() and chlorine ion (C). A single displacement had occurred from the ammonia and hydrochloric acid, forming ammonium chloride (NCl). This substance appeared in the tube in the presence of a white smoke. With this, data were obtained to know how molecular weight affects the diffusion of a certain substance. As seen in table 4.1, comparing the ratio of the distances from the two substances up to the smoke over the total distance, the ratio of the ammonia are bigger than the ratio of the hydrochloric acid. But on the first trial, the ratio of hydrochloric acid over total distance is bigger by 0.2cm compared to the ammonia. Using the formula, the ratio of the ammonia over the ratio of hydrochloric acid is used to get the average ratio. With ammonia having a molecular weight of about 17.031 g/mol and the hydrochloric acid having a molecular we ight of about 36.46 g/mol, the lighter the molecular weight of the substance, the faster the diffusion is. However, the molecules of the substances on the observation cannot be seen. Table 4.1. The ratios of the distances from the hydrochloric acid over total distance, from the ammonia over total distance, and ammonia over hydrochloric acid. Trial Distance(cm) (d) Total Distance (D) Ratio d HCl d N 1 19.2 18.7 37.9 0.51 0.49 0.96 2 15.0 20.5 35.5 0.42 0.58 1.38 3 16.8 20.0 36.8 0.46 0.54 1.17 4 17.5 18.5 36.0 0.49 0.51 1.04 This study aimed to determine how molecular weight affects the rate of diffusion. The specific objectives are: To explain the relationship between molecular weight and the rate of diffusion of a certain substance. To prove if molecular weight affects the rate of diffusion, then, the higher or lower the molecular weight the slower or faster the rate of diffusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS To find out if the molecular weight of a substance affects the rate of diffusion, a petri dish of agar water gel with three wells, potassium dichromate (C), potassium permanganate (KMn), and methylene blue were used. The diameter of each well is measured in millimetre using a ruler. Then, a drop of potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, and methylene blue were dropped on each wells of the petri dish containing agar water gel. It was immediately covered to prevent it from drying. At a three-minute interval for thirty minutes, by lifting the petri dish, the diameter of the coloured area is measured. Using the collected data in the setup, a line graph was used to compare the rate of each substance’s diffusion. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION On the experiment, potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, and methylene blue in agar-water gel inside the petri dish were used to determine the partial rate and the average rate of diffusion. After 30 minutes of observing, the diameter of the potassium permanganate has the biggest among the rest which is 14, compared to the potassium dichromate which is 12 and to methylene blue which is 11. The average rate of diffusion is calculated by the formula: Where: df= final diameter do= initial diameter t= total time While the partial diffusion rate is calculated by the formula Where: dx=diameter at a given time dx-1= diameter immediately before dx tx= time when dx measured tx-1= time immediately before tx Table 4.2. Rate of diffusion of potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, and methylene blue in agar-water gel inside the petri dish for 30 minutes. Time (Minute) Diameter (mm) Potassium Permanganate (MW 158g/mol) Potassium Dichromate (MW 294g/mol) Methylene blue (MW 374g/mol) 0 3 3 3 3 6 5 5 6 8 7 6 9 10 8 7 12 11 9 7 15 12 9 8 18 12 10 9 21 13 10 9 24 13 11 10 27 13 11 10 30 14 12 11 Table 4.3. Partial rate of diffusion of potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, and methylene blue in agar-water gel inside the petri dish for 30 minutes. Time elapsed (minute) Partial rates of diffusion(mm/min) Potassium Permanganate (MW 158g/mol) Potassium Dichromate (MW 294g/mol) Methylene blue (MW 374g/mol) 3 1.00 0.67 0.67 6 0.67 0.67 0.33 9 0.67 0.33 0.33 12 0.33 0.33 0.00 15 0.33 0.00 0.33 18 0.00 0.33 0.33 21 0.33 0.00 0.00 24 0.00 0.33 0.33 27 0.00 0.00 0.00 30 0.33 0.33 0.33 Average rate of diffusion (mm/min.) 0.367 0.300 0.267 Figure 4.3. A bar graph comparing the average rate of diffusion of potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, and methylene blue in agar-water gel inside the petri dish. Figure 4.4. A bar graph comparing the partial rate of diffusion of potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, and methylene blue in agar-water gel inside the petri dish. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION To test the hypothesis, an experiment was performed to test if the molecular weight affects the rate of diffusion, then, the higher or lower the molecular weight the slower or faster the rate of diffusion. An observation using a glass rod to measure the distance on how far the particles of the hydrochloric acid and ammonia travelled until both of them had a chemical reaction producing ammonium chloride. Ammonia that has 17.031 g/mol travelled faster than the hydrochloric acid that has 36.46 g/mol. The experiment was done to support the observation because it is more clearly and visible to the naked eye because the diffusion can be observe in this setup. The potassium permanganate having a diameter of 14 is the biggest among them. The average rate of diffusion of each substances was calculated and the result is potassium permanganate has the fastest rate of 0.367mm/min. potassium permanganate has the lightest molecular weight of 158g/mol. Based from the setup that was performed, the substance that has the lightest molecular weight has the fastest rate of diffusion. This study confirmed the hypothesis where the molecular weight affects the rate of diffusion, the lighter the molecular weight the slower the rate of diffusion and vice versa. The molecular weight of the substance is inversely proportional to the rate of diffusion. However, some errors were made during the experiment like the unequal amounts of the substances placed in the petri dish, methylene blue was spilled from the well, and the three substances are not measured at exactly every three minutes. This study needs further research because there are also other factors other than the molecular weight that could affect the rate of diffusion. It is recommended to research and study other factors that can affect the rate of diffusion. LITERATURE CITED Cain, M.L., Jackson, R.B., Minorsky, P.V., Reece, J.B., Urry L.A., and Wasserman, S.A.2011. Campbell Biology 9th Edition. USA: Pearson Education Inc. p. 53. Ebbing,D. and Gammon, S. D. 2009. General Chemistry Enhanced Edition. USA: Cengage Learning Inc. p. 143-144. France C. 2014. Elements, Compounds and Mixtures: Information retrieval. http://gcsescience.com/e17- ammonium-chloride-reversible.htm> Accessed October 12, 2014. Lozano L.F. and Sandico P.M. C.2003. Science and Technology for the Future II. Makati City: Diwa Learning System Inc. p. 110. Mendoza, E.E.2003. Phoenix Science Series Chemistry. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. p. 163, 244, 299, 305. Meyertholen E. 2014. Diffusion II: Information retrieval. http://austincc.edu/emeyerth/ diffuse2.htm> Accessed October 13, 2014. Tro, N. J.2008. A Molecular Approach.Oregon, USA: GEX Publishing Services. p. 229.   Ã‚